The 2018 Global Point Prevalence Survey of antimicrobial consumption and resistance in 47 Canadian hospitals: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Patient-level surveillance of antimicrobial use (AMU) in Canadian hospitals empowers the reduction of inappropriate AMU and was piloted in 2017 among 14 hospitals in Canada. We aimed to describe AMU on the basis of patient-level data in Canadian hospitals in 2018 in terms of antimicrobial prescribing prevalence and proportions, antimicrobial indications, and agent selection in medical, surgical and intensive care wards. METHODS: Canadian adult, pediatric and neonatal hospitals were invited to participate in the standardized web-based cross-sectional Global Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance (Global-PPS) conducted in 2018. An identified site administrator assigned all wards admitting inpatients to specific surveyors. A physician, pharmacist or nurse with infectious disease training performed the survey. The primary outcomes were point prevalence rates for AMU over the study period regarding prescriptions, indications and agent selection in medical, surgical and intensive care wards. The secondary outcomes were AMU for resistant organisms and practice appropriateness evaluated on the basis of quality indicators. Antimicrobial consumption is presented in terms of prevalence and proportions. RESULTS: Forty-seven of 118 (39.8%) hospitals participated in the survey; 9 hospitals were primary care centres, 15 were secondary care centres and 23 were tertiary or specialized care centres. Of 13 272 patients included, 33.5% (n = 4447) received a total of 6525 antimicrobials. Overall, 74.1% (4832/6525) of antimicrobials were for therapeutic use, 12.6% (n = 825) were for medical prophylaxis, 8.9% (n = 578) were for surgical prophylaxis, 2.2% (n = 143) were for other use and 2.3% (n = 147) were for unidentified reasons. A diagnosis or indication was documented in the patient's file at the initiation for 87.3% (n = 5699) of antimicrobials; 62.9% (n = 4106) of antimicrobials had a stop or review date; and 72.0% (n = 4697) of prescriptions were guided by local guidelines. INTERPRETATION: Overall, three-quarters of AMU was for therapeutic use across participating hospitals. Canadian hospitals should be further incentivized to create and adapt local guidelines on the basis of recent antimicrobial resistance data.

Comparative Safety of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapies During a Government-Sponsored Reimbursement Program.

INTRODUCTION: The British Columbia Ministry of Health launched a Smoking Cessation Program on September 30, 2011, providing financial coverage for smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Although pharmacotherapies have been shown to have a moderate short-term benefit as a quitting aid, substantial cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric safety concerns have been identified in adverse-reporting databases, leading to prescription label warnings by Health Canada and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, recent studies indicate these warnings may be without merit. This study examined the comparative safety of medications commonly used to aid smoking cessation. AIMS AND METHODS: Population-based retrospective cohort study using B.C. administrative data to assess the relative safety between varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular hospitalizations. Secondary outcomes included mortality, a composite of neuropsychiatric hospitalizations, and individual components of the primary outcome. Statistical analysis used propensity score-adjusted log-binomial regression models. A sensitivity analysis excluded patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: The study included 116 442 participants. Compared with NRT, varenicline was associated with a 10% 1-year relative risk decrease of cardiovascular hospitalization (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82 to 1.00), a 20% 1-year relative risk decrease of neuropsychiatric hospitalization (RR: 0.80, CI: 0.7 to 0.89), and a 19% 1-year relative risk decrease of mortality (RR: 0.81, CI: 0.71 to 0.93). We found no significant association between NRT and bupropion for cardiovascular hospitalizations, neuropsychiatric hospitalizations, or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with NRT, varenicline is associated with fewer serious adverse events and bupropion the same number of serious adverse events. IMPLICATIONS: This study addresses the need for comparative safety evidence in a real-world setting of varenicline and bupropion against an active comparator. Compared with NRT, varenicline was associated with a decreased risk of mortality, serious cardiovascular events, and neuropsychiatric events during the treatment, or shortly after the treatment, in the general population of adults seeking pharmacotherapy to aid smoking cessation. These results provide support for the removal of the varenicline boxed warning for neuropsychiatric events and add substantively to the cardiovascular safety findings of previous observational studies and randomized clinical trials.

Evaluation of Pharmacist Intervention on Discharge Medication Reconciliation.

BACKGROUND: Discharge medication reconciliation (Discharge MedRec) was implemented on one unit at a large urban teaching hospital, and was to be expanded across the rest of the hospital and the health authority's various sites by the end of 2018. Clinical pharmacists on the Acute Care for the Elderly unit carried out discharge planning and led Discharge MedRec during a pilot period, to inform the future implementation. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to examine the number and type of medication discrepancies before and after implementation of Discharge MedRec. The secondary objectives were to compare documented medication changes, pharmacist recommendations, discharge counselling, communication with community pharmacists, polypharmacy, and 30-day readmission rates. METHODS: Patients seen in December 2015 constituted the control (pre-implementation) group, who received usual care. Patients seen from January to April 2016 constituted the intervention group, for whom pharmacists performed Discharge MedRec and other discharge activities as per the hospital-to-home checklist of the Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. RESULTS: There were 66 patients in the control group and 306 in the intervention group. Median discrepancies per patient decreased from 6.5 to 3 (p = 0.007), median number of documented changes without rationale increased from 2 to 3 (p = 0.01), and median number of documented changes with rationale increased from 1 to 2 (p < 0.001). Pharmacists made a per-patient median of 1 progress note recommendation in the control group and 2 progress note recommendations in the intervention group (p = 0.007), and a per-patient median of 2 orders in both the control and intervention groups (p = 0.62). Median recommendation acceptance was 100% for both groups, but twice as many recommendations were made per patient for the intervention group. Discharge counselling increased from 22.7% to 65%. Communication with community pharmacists increased from 10.6% to 60.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical pharmacist involvement improved Discharge MedRec planning and documentation. Decreases in medication discrepancies, combined with an increase in discharge counselling, should improve continuity of care across the health care team and increase patient adherence with medication therapy. This study further demonstrates the leadership role that pharmacists play in the assessment and clear documentation of medication changes at all transitions of care.

CONTEXTE: Le processus de bilan comparatif des médicaments au moment du congé a été mis en place dans une unité d'un important hôpital universitaire en milieu urbain et devait être mis en place dans le reste de l'hôpital et dans les différents sites de la régie de santé avant la fin de 2018. Des pharmaciens cliniciens de l'Unité de soins gériatriques de courte durée ont réalisé la planification des congés et ont dirigé le processus de bilan comparatif des médicaments au moment du congé, au cours d'une période d'essai, afin de contribuer à une future mise en place d'un tel processus. OBJECTIFS: L'objectif principal consistait en l'étude du nombre et du type de divergences relatives aux médicaments avant et après la mise en place du processus de bilan comparatif des médicaments au moment du congé. Les objectifs secondaires portaient sur la comparaison des éléments suivants : les changements apportés à la pharmacothérapie, les recommandations des pharmaciens, l'offre de conseils au moment du congé, les échanges avec les pharmaciens communautaires, la polypharmacie et les taux de réadmissions dans les 30 jours suivant le congé. MÉTHODES: Les patients rencontrés en décembre 2015 constituaient le groupe témoin (avant la mise en place du processus) ayant reçu les soins habituels. Les patients rencontrés entre janvier et avril 2016 formaient le groupe expérimental pour lequel les pharmaciens avaient réalisé un processus de bilan comparatif des médicaments au moment du congé et d'autres activités en lien avec le congé, en fonction de la liste de vérification du transfert de l'hôpital à la maison de l'Institut pour la sécurité des médicaments aux patients du Canada. RÉSULTATS: Il y avait 66 patients dans le groupe témoin et 306 dans le groupe expérimental. Le nombre médian de divergences par patient a diminué et est passé de 6,5 à 3 (p = 0,007), le nombre médian de changements consignés, apportés sans raison apparente a augmenté et est passé de 2 à 3 (p = 0,01) et le nombre médian de changements consignés, dont la raison apparaissait aux dossiers a augmenté et est passé de 1 à 2 (p < 0,001). Le nombre médian de recommandations par patient dans les notes d'évolution réalisées par les pharmaciens était de un dans le groupe témoin et de deux dans le groupe expérimental (p = 0,007) et le nombre médian d'ordonnances par patient réalisées par des pharmaciens était de deux, tant dans le groupe témoin que dans le groupe expérimental (p = 0,62). Les taux médians d'acceptation des recommandations étaient de 100 % dans les deux groupes, mais il y a eu deux fois plus de recommandations par patient réalisées dans le groupe expérimental. L'offre de conseils au moment du congé a augmenté et est passée de 22,7 % à 65 %. Les échanges avec les pharmaciens communautaires ont augmenté et sont passés de 10,6 % à 60,8 %. CONCLUSIONS: La participation des pharmaciens cliniciens a amélioré la planification et l'enregistrement du bilan comparatif des médicaments au moment du congé. Une réduction des divergences concernant les médicaments, associée à une augmentation de l'offre de conseils au moment du congé, devrait améliorer la continuité des soins au sein de l'équipe de soins de santé et accroître l'observance thérapeutique du patient. La présente étude est un nouvel exemple du rôle de leader que les pharmaciens jouent dans l'évaluation et la description claire des changements apportés à la pharmacothérapie à chaque transfert des soins.